Definition
So, the Milky Way is a collection of all the stars and planets, asteroids, and the sun. Actually, you and I are in the Milky Way. Astronomers study with great interest everything connected with it. What properties does such a mysterious thing have?
Just imagine, a galaxy can suck in other, smaller ones. And the constellations that are located near the Milky Way itself will be drawn into its arms. This all happens gradually due to the fact that the constellations first fall under the influence, and then completely become part of such a large phenomenon.
It is interesting to know that at the moment there is a small galaxy being pulled into the milky way, and soon it will also become part of it. But unfortunately, it will not always be able to interact with small galaxies. An interaction may occur with a larger particle of our universe, and then the Milky Way itself will be absorbed.
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What is
With the advent of sophisticated technologies, scientists began to study the galaxy very persistently and now we already know a lot about it. At the center of the Milky Way is a core that consists of many stars. Some scientists suggest that there is a black hole in the center, which, unfortunately, has not been studied so well.
Next, a “jumper” is located across the core. And the Milky Way itself consists of gas, dust, the stars that we see in the sky, and of course, the solar system.
As previously noted, the Milky Way influences small galaxies that orbit near it. If we look at it from the side, we see a rather flat picture. This happens because the sleeves move around the disc.
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Size
There is no exact definition of how big the Milky Way is, because it is really huge. Astronomers and people with experience in this matter debated a lot on this topic. First, they determined the same dimensions: 100,000 thousand light years in diameter and 1000 light years in width.
But, with the advent of new technologies, instruments for measuring and improving science, another measurement of the galaxy was carried out. This happened several years ago and scientists decided that the galaxy may not be 100,000 thousand light years away, but even twice as large.
Over these few years, science has developed even more and in the present, 2020, another measurement of the galaxy was made. These figures have not been fully confirmed, but the results of the study indicate that the galaxy is 1,900,000 light years in diameter.
And just imagine how much that is. The sheer size of just one galaxy is amazing. Now, look at the sky at night. Can you count how many stars you see? It's hard to say, because the whole sky is strewn with them.
It is just as difficult to guess, as scientists believed, how many stars are there in the entire galaxy? But there are numbers, and these are 400 billion stars.
However, that's not all, because brown dwarfs exist. Unfortunately, they are so small that their brightness is not enough to correlate them with stars. But they also represent a rather large figure, from 25 to 110 billion.
Milky Way Galaxy
From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a faint, blurry streak of light wandering across the constellations. It looks brighter and denser in the direction of Sagittarius and Scorpio, and paler and more diffuse in the constellations Perseus and Andromeda. It is around or inside this spot that the brightest groups of stars are concentrated.
STRIP OF STARS
We see only part of the plane of our Galaxy. If we look at it from different angles, we will notice stars stretching over thousands of light years and so densely “scattered” that they resemble clouds.
Galileo Galilei was the first to comprehend the true nature of the Milky Way. Around 1610, one of the telescopes created by the scientist allowed him to see that these shining clouds represented countless stars.
However, in order to understand the structure of the Galaxy and understand where we are in it, it took much more time. Today we know that the Milky Way is a disk approximately 100,000 light-years in diameter with a large elliptical bulge of stars at the center approximately 15,000 light-years thick and about 8,000 light-years deep.
Discovery of the Milky Way
As early as 1755, the German philosopher Immanuel Kant suggested that our solar system is part of a huge flat body of rotating stars that appears in the form of the Milky Way. But the first to attempt to measure the Galaxy was William Gersh, the discoverer of Uranus. This happened around 1785. Herschel's map, compiled by counting the number of stars concentrated in different parts of the sky, bears little resemblance to a spiral. It was not until the 1920s that Jacobus Kapteyn's work detailed the Milky Way, which began to resemble the system we know today. However, back in 1900, Dutch amateur astronomer Cornelis Easton suggested that our Galaxy may resemble the spiral nebulae that can often be seen in the sky.
OUR SPIRAL HOUSE
The disk is made up of stars and clouds of dust and gas. Each of these components rotates in its own orbit around the center. It may seem as if all the stars of the spiral are concentrated in its arms, but this impression is deceptive: in fact, the arms are the regions where star formation occurs. Our Galaxy has two main arms, which are located on either side of a straight bridge of stars passing through its axis, 27,000 light years long. The Sun is currently located on the inner edge of the Orion Arm and orbits the galactic center with a periodicity of approximately 225 million years. However, since the Sun moves at a speed different from the speed of the entire spiral structure, the location of our star changes over tens of millions of years.
Globular star clusters
Above and below the disk of the Galaxy there is an elongated halo - a region of accumulation of single stars and huge iridescent balls of stars from thousands, and maybe even millions of stars located close to each other. These globular star clusters are different from the less dense, open clusters of the galactic disk. The stars of globular clusters are Population II stars, like those in the galactic center - these are very ancient red and yellow stars. More than 150 globular clusters are known to orbit the center.
DIVERSITY OF STARS
Read: Objects that make up space
Stars come in a wide variety of sizes, brightnesses, and colors, depending on their mass and age. The more massive a star is, the brighter it shines and the faster it uses up its fuel.
Over almost the entire period of a star’s existence, its surface temperature, brightness and mass are associated with the so-called. main sequence: light stars are dim, cool and red, and heavy stars are bright, hot and white-blue. Our Sun is located somewhere in the middle of the main sequence - it is not very bright, has an average mass, and the temperature of its yellow-red surface is about 5500 K. The Sun has an average age of about 10 billion years.
END OF A STAR
As stars run out of hydrogen in their cores and begin to burn other fuels, their luminosity increases, but as they grow to enormous sizes they cool down. Towards the end of their lives, stars similar to our Sun, after several billion years of thermonuclear fusion, turn into red giants, and supermassive stars (at the beginning of their life cycle they are much hotter than the Sun) are capable of transforming into supergiants of any color.
Read: Fermi Bubbles - a giant mystery of our galaxy
The life of a star ends with an explosion: it sheds its outer layers, turning into a luminous planetary nebula. If the star is very massive, a supernova explosion occurs. The remnants are scattered in the surrounding space and mixed with clouds of dust and gas of the galactic disk, becoming part of new generations of stars. All that remains of the star is the core, which contracts, turning into a slowly cooling white dwarf, a rapidly rotating neutron star, or one of the most mysterious objects - a black hole.
BETWEEN THE STARS
Stars and their remains are the most visible objects in the Galaxy, but between them there are also huge rotating accumulations of gas and dust. They can only be seen when they obscure the light of more distant objects, forming dark spots in the star clouds of the Milky Way. Gas in nebulae can be seen in two ways. A reflection nebula shines, scattering light from nearby stars. An emission nebula glows on its own - its atoms and molecules absorb energy (often ultraviolet radiation from nearby young hot stars) and then emit it in a certain range.
The Milky Way's disk is dominated by stars, gas and dust. As a rule, its stars, like the Sun, are in the middle of their life cycle and are fairly evenly distributed throughout the disk. However, at the edges of its spiral arms, stars concentrate, forming open clusters. They are dominated by bright, young and short-lived stars. It seems that the luminous nebulae in which these stars are born are also concentrated near the spirals, although this impression is deceptive - the gas and dust of the nebulae are present throughout the disk, simply due to the process of formation of stars and open clusters they are more noticeable near the arms.
Stellar population
The stars in the central region of the Galaxy are very different from the stars in the disk, but the most important difference is in their precise chemical composition. The structure of disk stars (including the Sun) is dominated by light gases (hydrogen and helium), but there are small admixtures of heavier elements. These elements help speed up nuclear fusion in the star's core, resulting in increased luminosity. Unlike the population I stars closest to us, the stars in the central region (population II) contain very little metal, so they are dimmer, burn more slowly, and are mostly red and yellow in color.
CHAOTIC CENTER
Read: Roque de los Muchachos
Closer to the center of the Galaxy is a region dominated by special stars, or more precisely, a whole population of old red and yellow stars, Population II. And while stars in the disk typically have circular orbits, population II moves in more elongated, elliptical orbits with different inclination angles. In some of these orbits, the stars move considerable distances from the center.
The superposition of all these numerous orbits leads to the formation of a huge stellar ball, in which the distance between individual stars is calculated not in light years, but in sidereal days. However, star collisions occur extremely rarely. The central part of the Milky Way is very similar to the so-called elliptical Galaxy.
And what is at its center? This area has long been shrouded in mystery, but the veil is beginning to gradually lift, revealing something truly strange to our eyes.
You might be interested in:
- Photos of the Milky Way
- Milky Way: size and composition
- Our galactic homeland. Milky Way
- Milky Way
- Local group galaxies
- How to weigh the Milky Way?
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Disk
In order to study the disk of the Milky Way in detail and accurately, scientists are still developing new technologies. But something is already known about this.
In 2005, Lyman Spitzer with his telescope proved that the Milky Way is a type of spiral galaxy. The flat disk contains predominantly young stars. As you move away, you can see older ones.
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Core
Let's take a closer look at the kernel. Scientists suggest that it consists of a black hole, which has not yet been fully studied. There are stars around it that make the black hole glow. This is where this bright core light comes from. After the core there is a jumper.
This is not just an empty place, there are “red” stars here. They are already many billions of years old, so they emit very little light. Not long ago, at a distance of 200 light years from a black hole, scientists discovered a new one.
And a little later, 12 more systems were discovered where black holes could be located. Unfortunately, these objects have not been studied so well, but we can only guess.
Halo
A halo, or in simple words, a spherical shape that envelops the disk of the Milky Way. It consists mainly of stars and clusters that are many thousands of years old.
Scientists have suggested that the Halo formed 12 billion years ago. These conclusions were made after studying several very old objects.
By the way, all objects in the halo rotate in orbits. This happens due to the influence of the disk on the halo. The halo is considered a fully formed structure. No new stars appear here, because there are no prerequisites for them. And if the disk contains dust and gases from which new stars are formed, then this is not the case in the halo.
Where is
Not so long ago, professors decided to conduct research and find out where the Milky Way, our galaxy, and ourselves are located. Our galaxy is part of a region called Laniakea.
This region has many clusters of great extent, but it is far from the largest in the entire universe. There are larger areas, but it is Laniakea that has the largest mass. Of course, scientists have a hard time researching traffic in Laniakei. But at this time it is believed that our Milky Way goes deep into all the clusters.
Of course, the Milky Way is an incredible thing. It has immense dimensions and amazing facts. Scientists and professors have just begun to study this phenomenon, within which there is life, that is, you and me.
And in order to find out all the secrets that the Milky Way and our galaxy are hiding from us, it is worth stocking up on a lot of experience, new technologies and a terrible desire to learn everything about our world.
Natural scientists will need many more decades to understand how everything works, in which direction everything is changing and moving. Do you think one person can change the course of an entire galaxy? Or can we just watch her?
Explore and admire? But how amazing is this science - astronomy. How much is stored in it... Information about our universe is intended not only for adults, but also for children. But I think there is definitely interest in this.
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Eventually
I hope you found our article useful, in which we included a lot of important information. It’s impossible to talk about this briefly, but after reading this article you have learned so much new about our galaxy, about the place where we live.
I myself was terribly interested in looking for new information, so I hope for your responses. If you liked it, subscribe to our blog, here you will learn a lot more interesting and useful things.
Don't forget to share the article with your friends and acquaintances so that they too learn some useful things. And on this note, I say goodbye to you and wish you all the cosmic things in life.
See you. Ivan.
